在 Ubuntu 和 CentOS 上安装 Headless Chromium 的分步指南。
目录
什么是无头 Chrome?
Headless Chrome 就像在没有 UI(浏览器)的情况下运行 chrome 浏览器,即它运行在无头环境中,这对于运行自动化测试非常有用。
那么,headless Chrome 为我们解锁了什么?
最令人兴奋的事情之一是能够测试最新最好的 Web 平台功能,如 ES6 模块、服务工作者和流。 使用 headless chrome,您可以编写应用程序并使用最新的渲染来测试这些应用程序。 它解锁的另一件事是这些很棒的功能,如网络节流、设备模拟和代码覆盖。
使用 headless chrome,你甚至不用写一行代码就可以进行测试,是不是很酷!
您可以通过命令行执行它们。 下面是一些常用的标志。
--screenshot #to take a screenshot --print-to-pdf #converting <a href="https://techblik.com.com/webpage-to-pdf-tools/">webpage to PDF</a> --dump-dom #dump DOM (document object model) data
注意——这与 Chromium 浏览器不同。
在 Ubuntu 上安装 Chromium
第 1 步:更新 Ubuntu
首先,更新 Ubuntu 中的软件包。
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt-get update Hit:1 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu bionic InRelease Hit:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic-security InRelease Hit:3 http://ppa.launchpad.net/ansible/ansible/ubuntu cosmic InRelease Hit:5 http://apt.puppetlabs.com bionic InRelease Ign:6 http://pkg.jenkins.io/debian-stable binary/ InRelease Hit:7 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic InRelease Hit:8 http://ppa.launchpad.net/canonical-chromium-builds/stage/ubuntu cosmic InRelease Hit:9 http://pkg.jenkins.io/debian-stable binary/ Release Hit:10 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic-updates InRelease Hit:11 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic-backports InRelease Hit:4 https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt kubernetes-xenial InRelease Reading package lists... Done
第二步:安装依赖
安装安装所需的这些依赖项。
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt-get install -y libappindicator1 fonts-liberation Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done fonts-liberation is already the newest version (1:1.07.4-7). fonts-liberation set to manually installed. The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required: chromium-codecs-ffmpeg-extra Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it. The following additional packages will be installed: libdbusmenu-gtk4 libindicator7 Suggested packages: indicator-application The following NEW packages will be installed: libappindicator1 libdbusmenu-gtk4 libindicator7 0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 238 not upgraded. Need to get 68.2 kB of archives. After this operation, 280 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic/universe amd64 libdbusmenu-gtk4 amd64 16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1 [27.1 kB] Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic/universe amd64 libindicator7 amd64 16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1 [21.7 kB] Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic/universe amd64 libappindicator1 amd64 12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1 [19.4 kB] Fetched 68.2 kB in 1s (61.1 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package libdbusmenu-gtk4:amd64. (Reading database ... 318270 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../libdbusmenu-gtk4_16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libdbusmenu-gtk4:amd64 (16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libindicator7. Preparing to unpack .../libindicator7_16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libindicator7 (16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libappindicator1. Preparing to unpack .../libappindicator1_12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libappindicator1 (12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1) ... Setting up libindicator7 (16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1) ... Setting up libdbusmenu-gtk4:amd64 (16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-0ubuntu1) ... Setting up libappindicator1 (12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-0ubuntu1) ... libappindicator1: This library is used to export menu by an application into a panel fonts-liberation: This library has similar font metrics as Arial, Times and Courier
在某些情况下,安装 chrome 时可能会缺少一些依赖项。 因此,运行下面的命令,它将安装安装 chromium 所需的所有缺少的依赖项。
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt-get install -f The following additional packages will be installed: at-spi2-core cpp cpp-7 dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service gcc-7-base glib-networking glib-networking-common glib-networking-services gsettings-desktop-schemas libappindicator3-1 libasound2 libasound2-data libatk-bridge2.0-0 libatspi2.0-0 libauthen-sasl-perl libcairo-gobject2 libcolord2 libdata-dump-perl libdbusmenu-gtk3-4 libdconf1 libdrm-amdgpu1 libdrm-intel1 libdrm-nouveau2 libdrm-radeon1 libencode-locale-perl libepoxy0 libfile-basedir-perl libfile-desktopentry-perl libfile-listing-perl libfile-mimeinfo-perl libfont-afm-perl libfontenc1 libgl1 libgl1-mesa-dri libgl1-mesa-glx libglapi-mesa libglvnd0 libglx-mesa0 libglx0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libhtml-form-perl libhtml-format-perl libhtml-parser-perl libhtml-tagset-perl libhtml-tree-perl libhttp-cookies-perl libhttp-daemon-perl libhttp-date-perl libhttp-message-perl libhttp-negotiate-perl libice6 libindicator3-7 libio-html-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libipc-system-simple-perl libisl19 libjson-glib-1.0-0 libjson-glib-1.0-common liblcms2-2 libllvm9 liblwp-mediatypes-perl liblwp-protocol-https-perl libmailtools-perl libmpc3 libnet-dbus-perl libnet-http-perl libnet-smtp-ssl-perl libnet-ssleay-perl libnspr4 libnss3 libpciaccess0 libproxy1v5 librest-0.7-0 libsensors4 libsm6 libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libsoup2.4-1 libtie-ixhash-perl libtimedate-perl libtry-tiny-perl liburi-perl libwayland-client0 libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-egl1 libwww-perl libwww-robotrules-perl libx11-protocol-perl libx11-xcb1 libxaw7 libxcb-dri2-0 libxcb-dri3-0 libxcb-glx0 libxcb-present0 libxcb-shape0 libxcb-sync1 libxft2 libxkbcommon0 libxml-parser-perl libxml-twig-perl libxml-xpathengine-perl libxmu6 libxpm4 libxshmfence1 libxss1 libxt6 libxtst6 libxv1 libxxf86dga1 libxxf86vm1 perl-openssl-defaults x11-common x11-utils x11-xserver-utils xdg-utils Suggested packages: cpp-doc gcc-7-locales indicator-application libasound2-plugins alsa-utils libdigest-hmac-perl libgssapi-perl colord gvfs liblcms2-utils libcrypt-ssleay-perl lm-sensors libauthen-ntlm-perl libunicode-map8-perl libunicode-string-perl xml-twig-tools mesa-utils nickle cairo-5c xorg-docs-core The following NEW packages will be installed: at-spi2-core cpp cpp-7 dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service gcc-7-base glib-networking glib-networking-common glib-networking-services gsettings-desktop-schemas libappindicator3-1 libasound2 libasound2-data libatk-bridge2.0-0 libatspi2.0-0 libauthen-sasl-perl libcairo-gobject2 libcolord2 libdata-dump-perl libdbusmenu-gtk3-4 libdconf1 libdrm-amdgpu1 libdrm-intel1 libdrm-nouveau2 libdrm-radeon1 libencode-locale-perl libepoxy0 libfile-basedir-perl libfile-desktopentry-perl libfile-listing-perl libfile-mimeinfo-perl libfont-afm-perl libfontenc1 libgl1 libgl1-mesa-dri libgl1-mesa-glx libglapi-mesa libglvnd0 libglx-mesa0 libglx0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libhtml-form-perl libhtml-format-perl libhtml-parser-perl libhtml-tagset-perl libhtml-tree-perl libhttp-cookies-perl libhttp-daemon-perl libhttp-date-perl libhttp-message-perl libhttp-negotiate-perl libice6 libindicator3-7 libio-html-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libipc-system-simple-perl libisl19 libjson-glib-1.0-0 libjson-glib-1.0-common liblcms2-2 libllvm9 liblwp-mediatypes-perl liblwp-protocol-https-perl libmailtools-perl libmpc3 libnet-dbus-perl libnet-http-perl libnet-smtp-ssl-perl libnet-ssleay-perl libnspr4 libnss3 libpciaccess0 libproxy1v5 librest-0.7-0 libsensors4 libsm6 libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libsoup2.4-1 libtie-ixhash-perl libtimedate-perl libtry-tiny-perl liburi-perl libwayland-client0 libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-egl1 libwww-perl libwww-robotrules-perl libx11-protocol-perl libx11-xcb1 libxaw7 libxcb-dri2-0 libxcb-dri3-0 libxcb-glx0 libxcb-present0 libxcb-shape0 libxcb-sync1 libxft2 libxkbcommon0 libxml-parser-perl libxml-twig-perl libxml-xpathengine-perl libxmu6 libxpm4 libxshmfence1 libxss1 libxt6 libxtst6 libxv1 libxxf86dga1 libxxf86vm1 perl-openssl-defaults x11-common x11-utils x11-xserver-utils xdg-utils 0 upgraded, 117 newly installed, 0 to remove and 58 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 40.7 MB of archives. After this operation, 369 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y Fetched 40.7 MB in 4s (9470 kB/s) Extracting templates from packages: 100%
第 3 步:下载 Chrome
下载适用于 Ubuntu 系统的 google chrome 稳定包。
[email protected]:~$ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb --2020-01-15 13:58:41-- https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb Resolving dl.google.com (dl.google.com)... 172.217.163.78, 2404:6800:4007:80c::200e Connecting to dl.google.com (dl.google.com)|172.217.163.78|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 62204098 (59M) [application/x-debian-package] Saving to: ‘google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb’ google-chrome-stable_current_amd64. 100%[=================================================================>] 59.32M 11.1MB/s in 29s 2020-01-15 13:59:10 (2.04 MB/s) - ‘google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb’ saved [62204098/62204098]
第 4 步:安装 Chrome
安装稳定包。
[email protected]:~$ sudo dpkg -i google-chrome*.deb Selecting previously unselected package google-chrome-stable. (Reading database ... 318285 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb ... Unpacking google-chrome-stable (79.0.3945.117-1) ... Setting up google-chrome-stable (79.0.3945.117-1) ... update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/x-www-browser (x-www-browser) in auto mode update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/gnome-www-browser (gnome-www-browser) in auto mode update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/google-chrome (google-chrome) in auto mode Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu2) ... Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-3ubuntu2) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.4-2) ...
第 5 步:检查 Chrome 版本
要确认安装已成功完成,请检查 Google Chrome 版本。
[email protected]:~$ google-chrome-stable -version Google Chrome 79.0.3945.117
可选:无头运行 Chrome
让我向您展示一个在无头模式下运行 chrome 的示例。
我会以headless模式运行chrome,https://gf.dev/的所有内容都会保存为pdf文件。
[email protected]:~$ google-chrome-stable --headless --disable-gpu --print-to-pdf https://gf.dev/ [0115/140930.772108:INFO:headless_shell.cc(620)] Written to file output.pdf.
可以看到一个文件output.pdf
[email protected]:~$ ls -l out* -rw------- 1 techblik.com techblik.com 80799 Jan 15 14:09 output.pdf [email protected]:~$
接下来,我将向您展示如何在 CentOS 系统中进行相同的设置。
在 CentOS 上安装 Chromium
第 1 步:更新 CentOS
使用以下命令更新 CentOS 系统。
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo yum update
第 2 步:创建 Chrome 存储库
将 google chrome 存储库添加到系统。 在 /etc/yum.repos.d/ 中创建文件 google-chrome.repo 并添加以下详细信息。
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo gedit /etc/yum.repos.d/google-chrome.repo [google-chrome] name=google-chrome baseurl=http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/rpm/stable/$basearch enabled=1 gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub
第 3 步:安装 Chrome
运行下面的 yum 命令在 CentOS 系统上安装 google chrome。
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo yum install google-chrome-stable Last metadata expiration check: 0:04:04 ago on Wed 22 Jan 2020 01:06:24 PM EST. Dependencies resolved. ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Installing: google-chrome-stable x86_64 79.0.3945.130-1 google-chrome 60 M Installing dependencies: libXScrnSaver x86_64 1.2.3-1.el8 AppStream 31 k libappindicator-gtk3 x86_64 12.10.0-19.el8 AppStream 43 k libdbusmenu x86_64 16.04.0-12.el8 AppStream 140 k libdbusmenu-gtk3 x86_64 16.04.0-12.el8 AppStream 41 k libindicator-gtk3 x86_64 12.10.1-14.el8 AppStream 70 k liberation-fonts noarch 1:2.00.3-4.el8 BaseOS 19 k liberation-serif-fonts noarch 1:2.00.3-4.el8 BaseOS 607 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Install 8 Packages Total download size: 60 M Installed size: 213 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/8): libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 146 kB/s | 31 kB 00:00 (2/8): libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_ 171 kB/s | 43 kB 00:00 (3/8): libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64.r 691 kB/s | 41 kB 00:00 (4/8): libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64. 558 kB/s | 70 kB 00:00 (5/8): liberation-fonts-2.00.3-4.el8.noarch.rpm 74 kB/s | 19 kB 00:00 (6/8): liberation-serif-fonts-2.00.3-4.el8.noar 1.3 MB/s | 607 kB 00:00 (7/8): libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64.rpm 121 kB/s | 140 kB 00:01 (8/8): google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86 8.4 MB/s | 60 MB 00:07 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 6.5 MB/s | 60 MB 00:09 warning: /var/cache/dnf/google-chrome-eb0d6f10ccbdafba/packages/google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7fac5991: NOKEY google-chrome 49 kB/s | 10 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x7FAC5991: Userid : "Google, Inc. Linux Package Signing Key <[email protected]>" Fingerprint: 4CCA 1EAF 950C EE4A B839 76DC A040 830F 7FAC 5991 From : https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub Is this ok [y/N]: y Key imported successfully Importing GPG key 0xD38B4796: Userid : "Google Inc. (Linux Packages Signing Authority) <[email protected]>" Fingerprint: EB4C 1BFD 4F04 2F6D DDCC EC91 7721 F63B D38B 4796 From : https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub Is this ok [y/N]: y Key imported successfully Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 1/8 Installing : libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 2/8 Installing : liberation-serif-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 3/8 Installing : liberation-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 4/8 Installing : libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64 5/8 Installing : libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64 6/8 Installing : libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64 7/8 Running scriptlet: google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8 Installing : google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8 Running scriptlet: google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8 Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start atd.service Verifying : libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64 1/8 Verifying : libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64 2/8 Verifying : libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 3/8 Verifying : libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 4/8 Verifying : libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64 5/8 Verifying : liberation-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 6/8 Verifying : liberation-serif-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 7/8 Verifying : google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8 Installed: google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64 libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64 libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64 liberation-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch liberation-serif-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch Complete!
第 4 步:检查 Chrome 版本
要确认安装已成功完成,请检查 google chrome 版本。
[[email protected] ~]$ google-chrome -version Google Chrome 79.0.3945.130
可选:无头运行 Chrome
让我向您展示一个在 CentOS 上以无头模式运行 chrome 的示例。
我将以捕获屏幕截图为例。 下面这个命令将以无头模式运行 chrome,并且 https://www.chromestatus.com/ 的所有内容将被保存为 pdf 文件。
[[email protected] ~]$ google-chrome-stable --headless --disable-gpu --print-to-pdf https://www.chromestatus.com/ [0122/131602.193881:INFO:headless_shell.cc(620)] Written to file output.pdf.
创建的 output.pdf 文件包含 https://www.chromestatus.com/ 的所有内容
[[email protected] ~]$ ls -l total 61208 drwxr-xr-x. 2 techblik.com techblik.com 6 Sep 25 11:49 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 techblik.com techblik.com 6 Sep 25 11:49 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 2 techblik.com techblik.com 6 Sep 25 11:49 Downloads -rw-rw-r--. 1 techblik.com techblik.com 180 Jan 22 13:05 google-chrome.repo -rw-------. 1 techblik.com techblik.com 146776 Jan 22 13:16 output.pdf
这就是关于如何在 Ubuntu 和 CentOS 上安装 Chrome 并以无头模式运行它的全部内容。